What type of reporting reflects income and expenses at the time they were incurred?

Accrual-based reporting is the method that reflects income and expenses when they are incurred, regardless of when cash transactions occur. This approach recognizes revenues when they are earned and expenses when they are incurred, aligning financial reporting more closely with the actual economic events of a business.

For instance, if a company provides a service in December but receives payment in January, under accrual-based accounting, the income would be recognized in December. This allows for a more accurate representation of a company's financial health during a specific period, as it matches income with the expenditures related to generating that income.

In contrast, cash-based reporting recognizes income and expenses only when cash is exchanged, which can misrepresent a company's financial position during periods where there are significant receivables or payables. While no other options apply directly to time of incurring costs and earning revenue, the distinction lies in how each method treats the timing of transactions.